懖榑栚師

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僗僩儔僀僉偺尭彮
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栚師
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偼偠傔偵
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1. 僗僩儔僀僉偺奣梫
1.1 僗僩儔僀僉偲楯摥慻崌
1.1.1 僗僩儔僀僉
1.1.1.1 僗僩儔僀僉偺庬椶
1.1.1.1.1晹暘僗僩
1.1.1.1.1 帩偪夞傝僗僩
1.1.1.1.2 嵗傝崬傒僗僩
1.1.1.1.3 帪娫僗僩丒抁帪娫僗僩
1.1.1.1.4 旕岞擣僗僩丒嶳擫僗僩
1.1.1.1.5 摨忣僗僩
1.2 楯摥慻崌
1.2.1 抍寢嬛巭朄
1.2.2 嬤擭偺楯摥慻崌偺摦岦
1.2.3 奺崙偺楯摥慻崌偺宍懺
1.2.3.1 擔杮偺楯摥慻崌
1.2.3.2 傾儊儕僇偺楯摥慻崌
1.2.3.3僼儔儞僗偺楯摥慻崌
1.2.3.4 僀僞儕傾偺楯摥慻崌
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2. 楌巎
2.1 抍寢嬛巭朄
2.2 1914擭乣1998擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦
2.2.2 1918擭乣1938擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦
2.2.3 ILO偺愝棫 [ILO]
2.3.1 1939擭乣1945擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦
2.3.2 1946擭乣1956擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦
2.3.3 曄摦偺棟桼
2.4 尰嵼偺楯摥憟媍審悢偲懝幐擔
2.4.1 尰嵼偺僗僩儔僀僉悢
2.4.2 奺崙偺楯摥惂搙側偳
2.4.2.1 楯摥帪娫惂搙
2.4.2.2 擭娫楯摥帪娫
2.4.2.3 擭娫媥擔
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3. 僗僩儔僀僉偲朄棩
3.1 楯摥朄
3.2.1 僗僩儔僀僉偺朄棩
3.2.2 岞柋堳偺僗僩儔僀僉
3.2 楯摥暣憟嵸敾
3.2.1 屄暿楯摥暣憟偺憹壛
3.2.2 奺崙偺楯摥暣憟偺張棟
3.2.2.1 擔杮偺暣憟張棟僔僗僥儉
3.2.2.2 傾儊儕僇偺暣憟張棟僔僗僥儉
3.3 楯摥憡択
3.3.1.1 怑応偱偺寵偑傜偣
3.4 偙傟偐傜偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦偵偮偄偰
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幱帿
嶲峫暥專
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偼偠傔偵
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杮榑暥偼側偤僗僩儔僀僉偺尭彮偟偰偄傞偺偐傪挷傋傞傕偺偱偁傞丅
嬤擭丄擔杮偱偼僗僩儔僀僉偲偄偆尵梩傪暦偔偙偲偼彮側偔側偭偨丅堦曽丄僗僩儔僀僉偑昿斏偵偍偙傞崙傕偁傞丅偟偐偟丄愴慜愴屻偺僗僩儔僀僉悢傪傒傞偲丄偳傫側偵僗僩儔僀僉悢偑懡偄偲偝傟偰偄傞崙偱傕丄僗僩儔僀僉悢偼尭彮偺孹岦偵偁傞偙偲偑傢偐偭偨丅
屬梡宍懺傗夁楯巰丄怑応娐嫬偵傛傞塗昦側偳偺楯摥栤戣偑婲偒偰偄傞丅嶐崱偱偼偙偺傛偆側栤戣傪書偊側偑傜傕僗僩儔僀僉傪婲偙偟偰楯摥忦審傪夵慞傪媮傔傞傛偆側塣摦偼婲偙傜側偔側偭偨丅
摿偵丄悽奅揑偵尒偰傒傞偲丄擔杮偺楯摥忬嫷偼懠崙偲斾妑偟偰傕丄楯摥帪娫偼挿偄丅桳媼側偳偺徚壔棪傕懠崙偵斾傋傞偲掅偄偲偄偆尰忬偩偑丄僗僩儔僀僉悢偼寖尭偟偰偄傞丅
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1. 僗僩儔僀僉偺奣梫
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1.1 僗僩儔僀僉偲楯摥慻崌
楯摥幰偑寢懇偟丄楯摥忦審偺夵慞傪媮傔傞偨傔偵楯摥慻崌偑寢懇偝傟丄帒杮懁偑偦偺梫媮傪偺傑側偐偭偨応崌丄愴弍偺堦偮偲偟偰僗僩儔僀僉偑偁傞丅
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1.1.1 僗僩儔僀僉 [wiki 僗僩]
僗僩儔僀僉 [strike]
楯摥幰偑楯摥忦審夵慞側偳偺栚揑娧揙偺偨傔丄抍寢偟偰嬈柋傪掆巭偡傞峴堊丅摨柨旊嬈丅摨柨旊岺丅僗僩丅[嶰徣僗僩]偲偁傞傛偆偵丄僗僩儔僀僉偼楯摥慻崌偲婇嬈娫偱楯摥忦審偺掲寢偑擣傔傜傟側偐偭偨偲偒偵婲偙傞楯摥暣憟偱偁傞丅
僗僩儔僀僉偼丄擔杮崙寷朄偺戞28忦偱乽嬑楯幰偺抍寢偡傞尃棙媦傃抍懱岎徛偦偺懠偺抍懱峴摦傪偡傞尃棙偼丄偙傟偼曐徹偡傞乿偲婯掕偝傟偰偄傞丅崙壠丄抧曽岞柋堳埲奜偺偡傋偰偺楯摥幰偼乿僗僩儔僀僉尃傪帩偮丅
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1.1.1.1 僗僩儔僀僉偺庬椶
傑偨丄僗僩儔僀僉偵偼楯摥忦審夵慞傪帒杮幰偵媮傔傞僗僩儔僀僉乮宱嵪揑僗僩儔僀僉乯傗丄傾僫儖僐僒儞僨傿僇儕僘儉塣摦偲屇偽傟傞帒杮庡媊傪懪搢偟傛偆偲偡傞僗僩儔僀僉乮幮夛揑僗僩儔僀僉乯偑偁傞[摗杮01]丅
傑偨丄僗僩儔僀僉偵偼偄偔偮偐庬椶偑偁傞丅傑偨丄楯摥暣憟偲偄傢傟傞偩偗偵愴弍側偳傕懚嵼偡傞丅
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1.1.1.1.1晹暘僗僩
傆偮偆偺僗僩儔僀僉偱偼丄奨摢慻崌偺慡堳偑嶲壛偡傞偺偱偁傞偑丄堦晹偺楯摥幰偩偗偑僗僩儔僀僉偵擖傞巜椷傪弌偡偙偲偑偁傞[摗杮01]丅
偙傟偵偼寈崘僗僩揑側堄枴崌傕偁傞偑丄慻崌堳偺捓嬥懝幐偲慻崌堳偺僗僩庤摉巟媼嬥傪彮側偔偡傞偨傔偵堦晹偺婎姴楯摥幰偵僗僩傪傗傜偣丄惗嶻僗僩僢僾偺塭嬁偑慡堳偵弌側偄傛偆偵偡傞愴弍傪偲傞偺偱偁傞[摗杮01丅]
堦惸偵桳媼媥壣傪偲傞偙偲偵傛偭偰捓嬥傪摼偮偮僗僩儔僀僉偲摨摍偺岠壥傪摼傛偆偲偡傞傕偺丅宱塩懁偼乽晄摉側媥壣尃偺峴巊乿偲庡挘偟丄夛幮偐傜媥壣傪庢傞傋偒帪婜傪曄峏偝傟傞偙偲傕婲偙傞 [wiki 僗僩]丅
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1.1.1.1.1 帩偪夞傝僗僩
晹暘僗僩偺堦庬偱丄弴偖傝偵宲懕揑偵帩偪夞傝偱宲懕揑偵帩偪夞傝偱僗僩傪峴偆傕偺偱偁傞[摗杮01]丅
1.1.1.1.2 嵗傝崬傒僗僩
捠忢偺僗僩儔僀僉偱偼楯摥幰偼僗僩儔僀僉攋傝傪擖傟偝偣側偄偨傔偵僺働傪棫偰丄楯摥幰偼岺応奜偵偄傞偺偱偁傞偑丄愮嬨嶰乑擭戙偵丄傾儊儕僇偱嵗傝崬傒僗僩偑峀偑傝丄傑偨僼儔儞僗偺堦嬨嶰榋擭偺屲丄榋寧偺堦戝僗僩儔僀僉偱偼丅偦偺懡偔偼岺応撈愯傪峴偭偰偄偨丅傾儊儕僇偺偽偁偄偼丄斀摦揑帒杮壠偺僗僩攋傝乮僗僉儍僢僾乯摫擖傪晄壜擻偵偡傞偨傔偺愴弍偩偭偨傛偆偩偑丄僼儔儞僗偱偼枹慻怐楯摥幰傪娷傔偰丄抍寢傪曐帩偡傞偙偲偑栚揑[wiki 僗僩]丅
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1.1.1.1.3 帪娫僗僩丒抁帪娫僗僩
帪娫僗僩偲偼丄係帪娫偲偐侾帪娫偲偐偁傜偐偠傔帪娫傪掕傔偰傗傞僗僩儔僀僉偺偙偲偱偁傞[摗杮01]丅傕偲傕偲僗僩儔僀僉偼丄柍婲尮偵楯摥幰懁偑楯摥傪嫅斲偟丄帒杮懁偵僾儗僢僔儍乕傪梌偊傞傕偺側偺偱丄偁傑傝嫮偄埑椡偲偼側傜側偄丅
摤憟偺弶婜抜奒傗丄岞嫟僒乕價僗偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊傞応崌側偳丄峴傢傟傞[wiki 僗僩]丅
僗僩惈岦偺掅壓偟偨嬤擭偼偙傟偺斾廳偼崅傑偭偰偄傞[摗杮01]
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1.1.1.1.4 旕岞擣僗僩丒嶳擫僗僩
晛捠僗僩儔僀僉偼丄摉奩楯摥慻崌杮晹傑偨偼岞擣偺傕偲偱峴傢傟偰傞傕偺偱偁傞偑丄杮晹偺岞擣偟側偄僗僩傪旕岞擣僗僩儔僀僉傑偨偼嶳擫僗僩偲傛傫偱偄傞[摗杮01]丅
偙傟偵偼儕僗僋偑懡偔丄旕岞擣偺偨傔丄庤摉偼巟媼偝傟偢丄嵟埆偺応崌偼彍柤偝傟傞偙偲傕偁傞丅偙偺傛偆側梊婜偣偸僗僩儔僀僉傪撍敪僗僩偲屇傇偙偲傕偁傞丅
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1.1.1.1.5 摨忣僗僩
摨忋僗僩儔僀僉偲偼丄懠楯摥慻崌偑僗僩儔僀僉偵枹撍擖偟丄傑偨儘僢僋丒傾僂僩傪偆偗丄嬯嫬偵棫偭偰偄傞偲偒丄偦偺摤憟傪墳墖偡傞偨傔偵丄摨忣揑側僗僩儔僀僉傪偡傞偙偲傪偄偆丅惌晎偁傞偄偼屬偄庡傑偨偼偦偺椉曽偵懳偟偰埑椡傪偐偗丄乬摨忣乭傪庴偗偨楯摥幰傪尦婥晅偗丄傕偲偺僗僩儔僀偺桳塿側夝寛傪偹傜偆傕偺偱偁偭偰丄奒媺揑楢懷偺僗僩儔僀僉偲偄偭偰偄偄[摗杮01]
擔杮偱偼丄嶰堜嶰抮憟媍帪偵丄摨忣僗僩偑婲偙偭偨丅
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1.2 楯摥慻崌
楯摥慻崌偼丄崙偵傛偭偰宍懺偑堎側傞丅
屬梡娐嫬偺岦忋側偳偺嫟捠偺梫媮偵婎偯偒捓嬥楯摥幰偑帺敪揑偵抍寢偟偰慻怐偟偨抍懱偱偁傞[wiki 慻崌]丅
楯摥幰偑偦偺楯摥忦審偺堐帩丒夵慞丄傑偨宱嵪揑抧埵偺岦忋傪庡偨傞栚揑偲偟偰帺庡揑偵慻怐偡傞抍懱丄傑偨偼偦偺楢崌懱[嶰徣慻崌]偱偁傝丄婇嬈暿丒怑嬈暿丒嶻嬈暿偺宍懺偑偁傞丅
擔杮偵偍偗傞弔摤偱丄庡偵捓忋偘傗楯摥帪娫偺抁弅偲偄偭偨楯摥忦審偺夵慞傪栚揑偲偟偨慻怐偱偁傞丅
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1.2.1 抍寢嬛巭朄
帒杮庡媊偺弶婜偵偼偳偺崙偱傕楯摥幰偺抍寢傪嬛巭偡傞棫朄偑傕偆偗傜傟偰偄傞[摗杮01]丅傛偭偰丄楯摥慻崌偺敪懌偼19悽婭弶傔偵側偭偰偐傜偵側傞丅徻偟偄楌巎偵偮偄偰偼丄2復偱徻偟偔婰弎偡傞丅
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1.2.2 嬤擭偺楯摥慻崌偺摦岦
恾侾傪尒傞偲偍傝丄嬤擭偱偼偳偺崙偱傕楯摥慻崌偺慻怐棪偼掅壓偟偰偄傞丅
嬤擭偱偼楯摥慻崌偵娭偡傞抦幆傕偦偆偩偑丄娭怱偑敄傟偰偄傞孹岦偵偁傞丅
偦偺懠丄楯摥慻崌偺悐戅偼崙偵傛偭偰偄偔偮偐尨場偑偁傞丅偙傟偵偮偄偰偼丄1.2.3偱徻偟偔愢柧偡傞丅
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1.2.3 奺崙偺楯摥慻崌偺宍懺
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1.2偱徯夘偟偨偲偍傝丄楯摥慻崌偵偼婇嬈暿丒怑嬈暿丒嶻嬈暿丒堦斒慻崌側偳偺宍懺偑偁傞丅偙偙偱偼楯摥慻崌偺宍懺傪崙暿偵徯夘偡傞丅
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1.2.3.1 擔杮偺楯摥慻崌
擔杮偱偼丄婇嬈暿楯摥慻崌偑戝懡悢傪愯傔偰偄傞丅
楯摥慻崌偼丄怑嬈暿慻崌偐傜弌敪偟丄堦斒慻崌傪宱偰嶻嬈暿慻崌傊偲敪揥偟偰偄偔偺偑丄懡偔偺岺嬈崙偱傒傜傟傞揥奐夁掱偱偁傞[wiki 慻崌]偲偝傟偰偄傞偑丄擔杮偱偼丄枹偩偵婇嬈暿楯摥慻崌偑庡棳偱偁傞丅
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1.2.3.2 傾儊儕僇偺楯摥慻崌
墷暷偱偼嶻嬈暿慻崌偑戝懡悢傪愯傔傞丅
嶻嬈暿慻崌扨埵偱僗僩儔僀僉傪婲偙偡偺偱丄夞悢偑彮側偔偲傕丄堦搙偵懝幐偡傞擔悢傗嶲壛恖悢偑懡偔側傞丅
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1.2.3.3僼儔儞僗偺楯摥慻崌
僼儔儞僗偺楯摥慻崌偼慻怐棪偑掅偄丅
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1.2.3.4 僀僞儕傾偺楯摥慻崌 [僀僞01]
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惈暿丒恖岥丒楯摥椡恖岥丒楯摥椡棪丂擭楊(15-65)丂恾 1-2
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崌寁
丂恖岥楯摥恖岥楯摥椡棪
擔杮 (1 83940 61360 73.1%
傾儊儕僇 (2 193202 145944 75.5%
僼儔儞僗 (3 39618 27521 69.5%
僀僞儕傾 (4 38726 24287 62.7%
昞1亅1
(1 憤柋徣乽楯摥椡挷嵏乿偵傛傞尰嵼偺恖岥丅崙撪偵廧傓嶰儢寧埲忋廧傓15嵨埲忋偺擔杮恖偲奜崙恖傪懳徾偲偟丄奀奜偺奜岎姱丄嵼棷暷孯側偳偼娷傑側偄丅帺塹戉偲嫺惓巤愝偺旕廂梕幰偼娷傓丅
(2 暷崙彜柋徣 (2007) Current Population Survey(CPO)偵傛傞丅16嵨埲忋偺旕巤愝恖岥傪懳徾丅孯恖丄巤愝恖岥奀奜偺奜岎姱丄奀奜嫃廧偺暷崙恖偼娷傑側偄丅
(3 僼儔儞僗乽楯摥椡挷嵏乿偵傛傞15嵨埲忋偺恖岥丅
(4 僀僞儕傾摑寁嬊乽楯摥椡挷嵏乿偵傛傞15嵨埲忋旕巤愝恖岥傪懳徾丅
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2. 楌巎
帒杮庡媊幮夛偱偼丄惗嶻庤抜傪帩偭偰偄傞帒杮奒媺偲丄惗嶻庤抜傕徚旓帒椏傕帩偨偢丄偨偩帺暘偺楯摥傪斕攧偟偰丄捓嬥傪偊偰惗妶傪堐帩偟偰偄傞楯摥幰奒媺偵暘偐傟偰偄傞丅[摗杮01]
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2.1 抍寢嬛巭朄
1791擭僼儔儞僗偱僔儍僾儕僄朄偑惂掕偝傟丄偦傟偵懕偔傛偆偵奺崙偱抍寢嬛巭朄偑惂掕偝傟偨丅偦偺屻丄楯摥幰懁偑偦偺朄偵斀敪偟丄儔僢僟僀僩塣摦偲偄偆寖偟偄斀敪塣摦傪婲偙偟偨丅
妚柦塣摦壠僼儔儞僔僗丒僾儗僀僗傜偺搘椡偵傛傝抍寢嬛巭朄偼1824擭偵揚攑偝傟丄慡崙楯摥慻崌戝楢崌偺寢惉偲側偭偨丅 [Wiki 僗僩]
2.2 1914擭乣1998擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦 [摗杮01]
丂
2.2.2 1918擭乣1938擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦 [摗杮01]
丂
2.2.3 ILO偺愝棫 [ILO]
崙嵺楯摥婡娭乮International Labour Organization丄棯徧ILO乯偼丄悽奅偺楯摥幰偺楯摥忦審偲惗妶悈弨偺夵慞傪栚揑偲偡傞崙楢嵟弶偺愱栧婡娭丅[wiki ILO]
2.3戞擇師悽奅戝愴帪丄枖偼屻偺庡側僗僩儔僀僉
丂
2.3.1 1939擭乣1945擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦 [摗杮01]
丂
2.3.2 1946擭乣1956擭偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦 [摗杮01]
丂
2.3.3 曄摦偺棟桼 [摗杮01]
2.4 尰嵼偺楯摥憟媍審悢偲懝幐擔
擔杮偵偼僗僩儔僀僉悢偺摑寁偼側偔丄奺崙偛偲偵摑寁婎弨傕堎側傞偺偱丄惓妋側悢抣偑弌偵偔偔側偭偰偄傞丅奺崙偺摑寁婡娭偺摑寁傪傕偲偵敾抐偡傞丅
丂
丂
2.4.1 尰嵼偺僗僩儔僀僉悢 [岤楯]
丂
楯摥憟媍審悢丂丂乮審乯
崙 1990擭 1995擭 2000擭 2002擭 2003擭 2004擭 2005擭 2006擭
擔杮 284 209 118 74 47 51 50 56
傾儊儕僇 44 31 39 19 14 17 22 23
僼儔儞僗 1790 2066 1427 745 785 699 亅亅
僀僞儕傾 1094 545 966 616 710 745 654 549
楯摥憟媍嶲壛恖悢丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂乮枩恖乯
崙 1990擭 1995擭 2000擭 2002擭 2003擭 2004擭 2005擭 2006擭
擔杮 8.43 3.75 1.53 0.7 0.44 0.7 0.41 0.58
傾儊儕僇 18.49 19.15 39.37 9.91 4.59 25.98 9.97 7.35
僼儔儞僗 18.5 43.5 21.07 11.86 6.67 62.5 亅亅
僀僞儕傾 163.4 44.5 68.5 544.2 256.1 70.9 96.1 13.14
丂
楯摥懝幐擔
崙 1990擭 1995擭 2000擭 2002擭 2003擭 2004擭 2005擭 2006擭
擔杮 144.5 77.0 35.1 12.3 6.7 9.8 5.9 7.9
傾儊儕僇 5926 5771 20419 660 4077 1017 1348 2721
僼儔儞僗 528.0 783.8 581.4 248.1 223.8 193.4 亅亅
僀僞儕傾 5181 909 884 4861 1962 699 907 450
擔杮丗岤惗楯摥徣乮2007乯乽暯惉18擭楯摥憟媍偲摑寁挷嵏乿
偦偺懠丗ILO乮2007乯Yearbook of Labor Statics 2006
丂
2.4.2 奺崙偺楯摥惂搙側偳
崙偵傛偭偰丄楯摥惂搙偵娭偡傞掕媊偑堎側偭偰偔傞丅偙偙偱偼偦偺堘偄偵偮偄偰丄徯夘偡傞丅
丂
2.4.2.1 楯摥帪娫惂搙
擔杮傾儊儕僇
崻嫆朄楯摥婎弨朄乮徍榓22擭惂掕乯岞惓楯摥婎弨朄乮1938擭惂掕乯
丂
朄掕楯摥帪娫 1廡40帪娫
1擔8帪娫 1廡40帪娫
丂
敱懃朄掕楯摥帪娫傪挻偊偰楯摥偝偣偨応崌6儢寧埲壓偺挦栶傑偨偼30枩埲壓偺敱嬥屘堄偵堘斀偟偨応崌乮40帪娫傪挻偊偰楯摥偝偣偨応崌偵偍偄偰1.5攞偺妱憹捓嬥傪巟暐傢側偐偭偨応崌乯堦枩僪儖埲壓偺敱嬥枖偼俇偐寧埲壓偺嬛屌枖偼偦偺椉曽
揔梡娭學 [揔梡彍奜]
丒擾椦嬈丄悈嶻嬈
丒娗棟娔撀傑偨偼婡枾偺帠柋傪庢傝埖偆傕偺
丒娔帇枖偼宲懕揑楯摥偵廬帠偡傞偙偲偱巊梡幰偑峴惌姱挕偺嫋壜傪偆偗偨傕偺乮懠偺朄棩偺揔墳乯
丒慏堳
丒岞柋堳 [揔梡彍奜]
丒娗棟揑旐梡幰丄塣塩揑旐梡幰丄愱栧揑旐梡幰丄奜嬑塩嬈怑乮儂儚僀僩僇儔乕僄僌僛儞僾僔儑儞乯
丒婫愡揑側屸妝丒儗僋儕僄乕僔儑儞帠柋強懏側偳偺旐梡幰
丒悈嶻嬈偺旐梡幰
丒堦掕偺忦審偺壓偱屬梡偝傟偨擾嬈楯摥幰
丒彫婯柾抧曽怴暦幮偺旐梡幰
丒彫婯柾側撈棫岞嫟揹榖夛幮偺岎姺庤
丒傾儊儕僇慏埲奜偺慏堳
丒椪帪揑巕庣枖偼屄恖偺夘岇偺偨傔偵壠帠楯摥偵屬傢傟傞旐梡幰
丒斊嵾憑嵏娫
丒僐儞僺儏乕僞乕娭楢怑
丂
丂
僼儔儞僗 EU巜椷
崻嫆朄楯摥朄揟戞擇姫乮1972擭惂掕乯丄楯巊岎徛偵傛傞楯摥帪娫抁弅偵娭偡傞朄棩乮2000擭惂掕乯丄帪娫抁娚榓朄乮2005擭3寧惉棫乯丄楯摥丒屬梡丒峸攦椡偺偨傔偺朄棩乮2007擭8寧1擔惉棫乯楯摥帪娫偺愝掕偵娭偡傞巜椷乮1993擭乯
丂
朄掕楯摥帪娫 1廡35帪娫 7擔偵偮偒丄帪娫奜楯摥帪娫傪娷傔丄暯嬒偟偰丄48帪娫傪偙偊側偄偙偲乮嶼掕婜娫偼嵟挿4偐寧乯
丂
敱懃朄掕楯摥帪傪挻偊偨楯摥偝偣偨応崌丄戞4庬堘寈嵾偲偟偰敱嬥偑揔梡偝傟傞丅乮堘寈嵾偼丄堘朄偵屬梡偝傟偨楯摥幰悢偲摨偠悢偩偗敱嬥孻傪惗偠偝偣傞乯
揔梡娭學 [揔梡彍奜]
丒搚抧偺擾嶌丄抺嶻丄椦嬈摍乮擾帠朄揟乯
丒奀梞嫏嬈丅彜慏摍乮夛応楯摥朄揟乯
丒岞棫偺昦堾丒堛椕巤愝摍乮岞廜塹惗朄揟乯
丒崙桳婇嬈乮僈僗丄揹婥丄崙揝摍乯
丒彜嬈戙棟恖乮敾椺丄妛愢乯
丒壠帠巊梡恖乮敾椺丄妛愢乯
丒廧傒崬傒晄摦嶻娗棟恖
丒庣岇乮敾椺丄妛愢乯
丒庢掲栶
丒忋媺姴晹怑堳乮姴晹怑堳僇乕僪儖乯
丒壠撪楯摥幰
丒岯撪楯摥幰 [揔梡彍奜]
丒嬻楬丄揝摴丄摴楬丄奀忋丄撪悈媦傃偵屛徖偍偗傞桝憲丄嫏嬈偦偺懠偺夛応楯摥媦傃孭楙拞偺堛巘偺嬈柋[壛柨崙偵傛傞揔梡彍奜偑壜擻側傕偺乮擭師媥壣偺傒揔梡乯]
丒栶堳枖偼帺傜曽恓傪寛掕偡傞尃尷傪桳偡傞幰
丒壠懓楯摥幰
丒嫤夛枖偼嫵抍偺廆嫵揑媀幃傪巌傞楯摥幰
丂
[楯摥嫤栺摍偵傛傞揔梡彍奜偑壜擻側傕偺乮朄棩摍偱戙彏媥壣偑梌偊傞偙偲偑忦審乯乮廡楯摥帪娫丄擭師媥壣偼揔梡乯]
丒曐埨丅娔帇偺嬈柋側偳
[僨乕僞08]
丂
2.4.2.2 擭娫楯摥帪娫
丂
2.4.2.3 擭娫媥擔
丂
3. 僗僩儔僀僉偲朄棩
丂
3.1 楯摥朄
楯摥朄偲偼丄楯摥娭學傪婯棩偡傞朄棩偱偁傞丅偙偺側偐偵丄楯摥幰偼僗僩儔僀僉尃偑擣傔傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟丄擔杮偱偼岞柋堳偺僗僩儔僀僉尃偼擣傔傜傟偰偄側偄丅[摗杮01]
丂
3.2.1 僗僩儔僀僉偺朄棩 [楯摥朄]
丂
3.2.2 岞柋堳偺僗僩儔僀僉
擔杮傗傾儊儕僇偺岞柋堳偼丄崙壠岞柋埾堳朄偵傛偭偰僗僩儔僀僉偑嬛巭偝傟偰偄傞偑丄奀奜偱偼岞柋堳偺僗僩偑擣傔傜傟偰偄傞働乕僗傕懡偄丅僀僞儕傾傗僼儔儞僗側偳偺儓乕儘僢僷偱偼岞柋堳偵僗僩儔僀僉偑擣傔傜傟偰偄傞[wiki 僗僩]丅
傑偨丄擔杮偱傕僗僩儔僀僉尃傪傔偖傝丄1795擭偵岞嫟婇嬈懱摍楯摥慻崌嫤媍夛偑8擔娫崙揝傪巭傔傞僗僩儔僀僉傪峴偭偨偑丄尰嵼偱傕岞柋堳偵偼僗僩儔僀僉偼擣傔傜傟偰偄側偄丅
丂
3.2 楯摥暣憟嵸敾
尰嵼丄僗僩儔僀僉傛傝傕丄屄恖揑側嵸敾偱楯摥忦審側偳偺夵惓傪媮傔傞傕偺偑懡偄偙偲偑傢偐偭偨丅
丂
3.2.1 屄暿楯摥暣憟偺憹壛
憡択悢傗楯摥嵸敾悢傕憹壛孹岦偱偁傞偙偲偐傜丄尰嵼偼抍懱岎徛傪峴偆偙偲偼彮側偔側偭偰偒偰偄傞丅恾3-2傪尒傞偲偍傝丄尰嵼屄暿楯摥暣憟憡択偺審悢偼憹壛孹岦偵偁傞丅
乽楯摥憡択偺審悢偼丄挊偟偔憹壛偟偰偄傞丅侾俋俉俋擭偵偼俁枩侽俈俋俈審偱偁偭偨偺偑丄侾俋俋俉擭偵偼俆枩俆俀俁俀審偵傑偱払偟偰偄傞丅幚偵侾侽擭娫偱俈俋僷乕僙儞僩傕憹壛偟偰偄傞偺偱偁傞丅乿[楯嵸採尵]丅
丂
3.2.2 奺崙偺楯摥暣憟偺張棟
丂
3.2.2.1 擔杮偺暣憟張棟僔僗僥儉
庤懕偒
堦斒偺柉帠慽徸偵傛傞丅偨偩偟丄楯摥嵸敾庤懕偒偵偮偄偰偼埲壓偺捠傝丅
亂楯摥嵸敾偺庡側庤懕偒偺棳傟亃
乮侾乯怽偟棫偰
仸庯巪媦傃棟桼傪婰弎偟偨彂柺偵傛傞
乮俀乯憡庤曽偵傛傞摎曎偺彂椶採弌
乮俁乯怰棟
仸尨懃3夞埲撪偺婜擔偱怰棟傪廔寢丅
乮係乯挷掆偺帋傒
仸掅挷偺惉棫偵傛傞夝寛偺尒崬傒偑偁傞応崌丄怰棟偺廔寢傑偱偵挷掆傪峴偆丅
仸挷掆偑惉棫偡傟偽丄廔椆丅
乮俆乯楯摥怰敾
仸怰棟偺寢壥擣傔傜傟傞摉帠幰娫偺尃棙娭學傪媦傃楯摥怰敾庤懕偒偺宱夁傪摜傑偊偰丄楯摥怰敾傪峴偆丅
仸庡暥媦傃棟桼偺庡梫傪婰嵹偟偨怰敾彂偺嶌惉枖偼憤偰偺摉帠幰偑弌摢偡傞楯摥怰敾庤懕偒傪婜擔偵偍偄偰庡暥媦傃棟桼偺梫巪傪岥摢偱崘抦丅
仸庴戻丗楯摥怰敾偺妋掕乮嵸敾忋偺榓夝偲摨堦偺岠椡乯
亂楯摥嵸敾惂搙偺庤懕偒偺摿挜亃
乮侾乯屄暿楯摥娭學暣憟偵偮偄偰偺庤懕偒
乮俀乯嵸敾強偱偺庤懕偒
仸晄弌摢偵懳偡傞嵸敾乮夁椏乯偁傝丅
仸怰敾偵朄棩忋偺榓夝偲摨堦偺岠椡
乮俁乯楯摥娭學偺愱栧揑抦幆宱尡傪桳偡傞幰乮楯摥嵸敾堳乯偺嶲壛偡傞庤懕偒
乮係乯旕慽帠審偲偟偰偺庤懕偒
乮俆乯恦懍丒娙扨側庤懕偒
仸尨懃3夞埲撪偺婜擔偱怰棟傪廔寢丅
仸岥摢庡媊丄捈愙庡媊丅
乮俇乯怰敾偺岠椡偲慽徸堏峴
仸楯摥嵸敾偵懳偟揔朄偵堎媍偺怽棫偰偑偁偭偨偲偒偼丄楯摥嵸敾庤懕偒偺怽棫偰帪偵慽偊偺採婲偑偁偭偨傕偺偲傒側偡丅
[僨乕僞08]
丂
3.2.2.2 傾儊儕僇偺暣憟張棟僔僗僥儉
堦斒偺柉帠慽徸偺庤懕偒偵傛傞
丂
3.2.2.3 僼儔儞僗偺暣憟張棟僔僗僥儉
亂庤懕偒偺庡側棳傟亃
乮侾乯怽棫乮岥摢偺怽棫傕壜乯
乮俀乯挷掆偺慜抲乮挷掆晹乯
仸旕岞奐丅尨懃偲偟偰摉帠幰杮恖偵弌掛媊柋丅惉棫偺応崌偼挷掆挷彂傪嶌惉乮幏峴椡偁傝乯丅
仸嵸敾姱2柤乮楯巊奿侾柤乯偱峴偆丅
乮俁乯敾寛晹傊偺堏憲
仸挷掆晄挷傗旐崘偑晄弌摢偺応崌丅
仸奐掛婜擔傑偱偺娫偵嵸敾奜偺榓夝偑惉棫偡傞偙偲傕懡偄丅
乮係乯帠審偑敾寛偵弉偟偰偄傟偽丄捈偪偵敾寛
乮俆乯怰棟
仸岞奐丅懳怰丅岥摢偱偺庡挘丅
仸嵸敾姱4柤乮楯巊奿2柤乯偱峴偆丅
乮俇乯敾寛
亂庤懕偒忋偺摿挜亃
丒挷掆慜抲
丒岥摢偵傛傞怽弌丄庡挘偑壜擻
丒挷掆晹偵傛傞壖偺慬抲
仸巊梡幰偑挷掆偵弌摢偟側偄応崌側偳偵偍偄偰丄挷掆晹偼乮侾乯捓嬥戜挔摍偺採弌柦椷丄乮俀乯捓嬥摍偺壖暐偄柦椷乮愑柋偺懚嵼偵廳戝側旐媈偑側偄応崌丅妟偺忋尷偁傝丅乯丄乮俁乯徹嫆側偳偺曐慡偵昁梫側張暘傪丄壖偺慬抲偲偟偰峴偆偙偲偑弌棃傞丅偙偺張暘偵懳偡傞忋慽偼杮埬敾寛偵娭偡傞忋慽偲摨帪偵偺傒峴偆偙偲偑弌棃傞丅
丒摉帠幰娫偺庤懕偒宊栺
仸怰敾強偵傛偭偰偼丄挷掆庤懕抜奒偱丄尨崘偺徹嫆弨旛婜娫傪偝偩傔傞庤懕宊栺傪摉帠幰娫偱掲寢偝偣偨忋偱怰敾庤懕偒傪峴偭偰偄傞嵸敾強偑偁傞丅乮庤懕宊栺偑庣傜傟側偄応崌丄怰敾強偼摉奩帠審傪枙徚偱偒傞偲偝傟傞丅乯
丒曬崘怰敾姱乮1柤枖偼2柤乯
仸帠審偵偮偄偰偺敾抐偵帒偡傞偨傔丄徹嫆偺廂廤傗摉帠幰丒娭學幰偺帠忣挳庢摍傪峴偄丄扴摉晹偵曬崘偡傞怰敾姱丅摉奩帠審偺扴摉晹偐傜擟柦偝傟傞丅
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3.3 楯摥憡択
奺搒摴晎導楯摥嬊傗丄楯摥慻崌傗丄楯摥婎弨娔撀彁偱丄楯摥栤戣慡斒偵憡択丄彆尵丒巜摫丄偁偭偣傫傪峴偭偰屄暿楯摥娭學暣憟傪夝寛偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞[搶楯]丅
恾 3-3偐傜丄尰嵼偼丄屄暿楯摥暣憟偩偗偱偼側偔楯摥憡択偺審悢傕憹壛孹岦偵偁傞丅
夝屬側偳偺栤戣偑丄崱偱偼楯摥慻崌偱偼側偔屄恖偺栤戣偲偟偰傒側偝傟偰偄傞孹岦偵偁傞偙偲偑傢偐傞丅
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3.3.1.1 怑応偱偺寵偑傜偣
怑応偱偺屄恖揑側栤戣偼丄楯摥慻崌偲偟偰夝寛偱偒傞栤戣偱偼側偄丅
昞3-6偱傒偊傞傛偆偵怑応偱偺偄傗偑傜偣偺憹尭棪偑50亾傪挻偊傞丅恾 3-4偑偦偺撪栿偱偁傞丅
婇嬈偑偳傫側偵慺惏傜偟偄楯摥忦審丄楯巊娭學丄楯摥慻崌傪帩偲偆偲丄忋巌傗摨椈偲偺娭學偑椙偔側偗傟偽丄楯摥幰偵偲偭偰椙偄娐嫬偲偼偄偊側偄偲昅幰偼峫偊傞丅
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3.4 偙傟偐傜偺僗僩儔僀僉悢偺曄摦偵偮偄偰
尰嵼丄僗僩儔僀僉悢偼悽奅揑偵尭彮偟偮偮偁傞丅偦偟偰丄楯摥暣憟偼丄尰嵼偺幮夛栤戣偵嵍塃偝傟傞傕偺偩偲昅幰偼峫偊傞丅
擔杮偲墷暷愭恑崙偲偺娫偱偼丄楯摥偦偺傕偺偺峫偊曽偑堘偭偰偄傞丅
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嶲峫暥專
[摗杮01] 摗杮晲, 僗僩儔僀僉偺楌巎, 怴擔杮弌斉, 1994-2-25
[僀僞01] 僀僞儕傾楯摥塣摦偺惗惉(1892擭~1911擭), 廼摽戝妛幮夛妛晹尋媶憄彂, 2001-04
[擔杮01] GHQ擔杮愯椞巎 (31), 揤愳峎, 擔杮恾彂僙儞僞乕, 1997-08
[僨乕僞00] 2000 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔 1999-11
[僨乕僞01] 2001 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔 2000-10-25
[僨乕僞02] 2002 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔 2001-11
[僨乕僞03] 2003 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔丂2002-11
[僨乕僞04] 2004 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔丂2004-1
[僨乕僞05] 2005 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔丂2005-1
[僨乕僞06] 2006 僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔丂2006-3
[僨乕僞 07] 2007僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔 2007-3
[僨乕僞08] 2008僨乕僞僽僢僋崙嵺楯摥斾妑丆撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔丂2008-03
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嶲峫web僒僀僩
[岤楯] 岤惗楯摥徣傾僋僙僗擔2008-09-20
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/index.html
[嶰徣僗僩] 僗僩儔僀僉, 嶰徣摪 Web Dictionary 傾僋僙僗擔2008-10-30
http://www.sanseido.net/User/Dic/Index.aspx?TWords=%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88%e3%83%a9%e3%82%a4%e3%82%ad&st=0&DailyJJ=checkbox
[Wiki 僗僩] 僗僩儔僀僉, Wikipedia 傾僋僙僗擔2008-09-26
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD
[嶰徣僗僩] 楯摥慻崌, 嶰徣摪 Web Dictionary 傾僋僙僗擔2008-09-26
http://www.sanseido.net/User/Dic/Index.aspx?TWords=%e5%8a%b4%e5%83%8d%e7%b5%84%e5%90%88&st=0&DailyJJ=checkbox
[Wiki 慻崌] 楯摥慻崌 , Wikipedia 傾僋僙僗擔2008-09-26
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88
[ILO]崙嵺楯摥婡娭傾僋僙僗擔2008-10-23
http://www.ilo.org/public/japanese/region/asro/tokyo/about/ilo.htm#birth
[楯嵸採尵]楯摥嵸敾夵妚偺採尵傾僋僙僗擔2008-10-30
http://homepage1.nifty.com/rouben/teigen00/gen000330.htm
[楯摥朄]楯摥娭楢朄椷Web斉傾僋僙僗擔2008-10-26
http://www.jil.go.jp/kikaku-qa/hourei/index.html
[搶楯] 搶嫗搒楯摥憡択忣曬僙儞僞乕傾僋僙僗擔2008-11-26
http://www.hataraku.metro.tokyo.jp/soudan-c/center/about.html
[Wiki 楯塣] 楯摥塣摦 , Wikipedia, 傾僋僙僗擔2008-11-26
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95
乵撈棫乶撈棫峴惌朄恖楯摥惌嶔尋媶丒尋廋婡峔傾僋僙僗擔2008-11-26
http://www.jil.go.jp/
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